Various load torques can be classified into broad categories.
ü Active load torques
ü Passive load torques
Load torques which has the potential to drive the motor under equilibrium conditions are called active load torques. Such load torques usually retain their sign when the drive rotation is changed (reversed)
Eg:
ü Torque due to force of gravity
ü Torque due tension
ü Torque due to compression and torsion etc
Load torques which always oppose the motion and change their sign on the reversal of motion are called passive load torques
Eg:
ü Torque due to friction, cutting etc.
Components of Load Torques:
The load torque T1 can be further divided in to following components
ü Friction Torque (TF ):
Friction will be present at the motor shaft and also in various parts of the load. TF is the equivalent value of various friction torques referred to the motor shaft.
ü Windage Torque (Tw )
When motor runs, wind generates a torque opposing the motion. This is known as windage torque.
ü Torque required to do useful mechanical work
Nature of this torque depends upon particular application. It may be constant and independent of speed. It may be some function of speed, it may be time invariant or time variant, its nature may also change with the load’s mode of operation.
Friction at zero speed is called diction or static friction. In order to start the drive the motor should at least exceeds diction.
Friction torque can also be resolved into three components
Component Tv varies linearly with speed is called VISCOUS friction and is given by
Tv = B ωm
Where B is viscous friction co-efficient.
Another component TC , which is independent of speed, is known as COULOMB friction. Third component Ts accounts for additional torque present at stand still. Since Tw is present only at stand still it is not taken into account in the dynamic analysis. Wind age torque, TW which is proportional to speed Squared is given by
From the above discussions, for finite speed
Characteristics of Different types of Loads
One of the essential requirements in the section of a particular type of motor for driving a machine is the matching of speed-torque characteristics of the given drive unit and that of the motor. Therefore the knowledge of how the load torque varies with speed of the driven machine is necessary. Different types of loads exhibit different speed torque characteristics. However, most of the industrial loads can be classified into the following four categories.
Constant torque type load
ü Torque proportional to speed (Generator Type load)
ü Torque proportional to square of the speed (Fan type load)
ü Torque inversely proportional to speed (Constant power type load)
Constant Torque characteristics:
Most of the working machines that have mechanical nature of work like shaping, cutting, grinding or shearing, require constant torque irrespective of speed. Similarly cranes during the hoisting and conveyors handling constant weight of material per unit time also exhibit this type of Characteristics
Torque Proportional to speed:
Separately excited dc generators connected to a constant resistance load, eddy current brakes have speed torque characteristics given by
T=k
Torque proportional to square of the speed:
Another type of load met in practice is the one in which load torque is proportional to the square of the speed.
Examples:
ü Fans rotary pumps,
ü Compressors
ü Ship propellers
Torque Inversely proportional to speed:
Certain types of lathes, boring machines, milling machines, steel mill coiler and electric traction load exhibit hyperbolic speed-torque characteristics
